I helped a coworker debug an interesting Linux problem today, and inthe process wound up reinforcing something that I already more or lessknew but hadn't really thought about for a while. Namely:

/etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart doesn't unload and reloadthe kernel modules for your network devices.

A networking restart will bring down and then restart all of yourinterfaces, reset parameters and so on, but the one thing it doesn't reset is kernel modules. They

There's a lot of Unix idioms that I use often enough to have turnedinto little shell scripts. Here's the first of them; I call it howmany :

#!/bin/shtrap '' 13sort "$@" | uniq -c | sort -nr

(The trap is necessary because of a Linux bash issue .)

Howmany does what its name says: it counts up how many times each lineof its standard input appears, then shows them from most to leastfrequent

Xiostat is the program I wrote to giveus a faithful recounting of the Linux kernel's disk IO stats after we discovered the problems with iostat's numbers . I've now finally gotten around to putting it up on theweb and making a page that explains how to run itand what its output means and so on.

The current version is a bit slapdash, but I have verified that it(still) works on bog standard 2.6 Linux kernels (and thus should work onDebian Sarge,

The fun and charm of URL quoting is that you need to do it twice .Differently. That's because there's two different entities involved:browsers and web servers.

Strictly speaking, about the only thing that you have to quote forthe browser is quote characters, because otherwise your nice comes out very confusing. If you are being a good web standards monkeyyou need to quote at least ampersands (&'s) as well, because otherwisethe