Singapore banned the purchase, possession and use of vapes in 2018, making it a global forerunner in the drive against synthetic smoke culture. Pivoting to treat vape use as a drug issue, instead of just smoking, marks a major shift in how the problem is viewed by the country – where Class A drug offences carry the death penalty as the maximum punishment.

Those found using vapes will face fines of up to S$2,000 (US$1,555), while dealers of etomidate vapes are liable for a maximum 20-year imprisonment and caning, the ministries said. Until now, those found vaping in the city faced a S$500 fine. The city state also canes men convicted of vandalism, kidnapping and rape.

Foreigners with short-term passes found repeatedly in violation will be banned from re-entering Singapore upon departure, while long-term pass holders will be deported and banned from returning after a third violation, according to the two ministries.